Source: http://news.feedzilla.com/en_us/stories/politics/top-stories/249296864?client_source=feed&format=rss
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Wednesday, September 19, 2012
Human brains share a consistent genetic blueprint and possess enormous biochemical complexity
ScienceDaily (Sep. 19, 2012) ? Scientists at the Allen Institute for Brain Science reported in the latest issue of the journal Nature that human brains share a consistent genetic blueprint and possess enormous biochemical complexity. The findings stem from the first deep and large-scale analysis of the vast data set publicly available in the Allen Human Brain Atlas.
The results of this study are based on extensive analysis of the Allen Human Brain Atlas, specifically the detailed all-genes, all-structures survey of genes at work throughout the human brain. This dataset profiles 400 to 500 distinct brain areas per hemisphere using microarray technology and comprises more than 100 million gene expression measurements covering three individual human brains to date. Among other findings, these data show that 84% of all genes are expressed somewhere in the human brain and in patterns that are substantially similar from one brain to the next.
"This study demonstrates the value of a global analysis of gene expression throughout the entire brain and has implications for understanding brain function, development, evolution and disease," said Ed Lein, Ph.D., Associate Investigator at the Allen Institute for Brain Science and co-lead author on the paper. "These results only scratch the surface of what can be learned from this immense data set. We look forward to seeing what others will discover."
Key Findings
The results of this study show that, despite the myriad personalities and cognitive talents seen across the human population, our brains are more similar to one another than different. Individual human brains share the same basic molecular blueprint, and deeper analysis of this shared architecture reveals several further findings:
- Neighboring regions of the brain's cortex -- the wrinkly outer rind -- are more biochemically similar to one another than to more distant brain regions, which has implications for understanding the development of the human brain, both during the lifespan and throughout evolution.
- The right and left hemispheres show no significant differences in molecular architecture. This suggests that functions such as language, which are generally handled by one side of the brain, likely result from more subtle differences between hemispheres or structural variation in size or circuitry, but not from a deeper molecular basis.
- Despite controlling a diversity of functions, ranging from visual perception to planning and problem-solving, the cortex is highly homogeneous relative to other brain regions. This suggests that the same basic functional elements are used throughout the cortex and that understanding how one area works in detail will uncover fundamentals that apply to the other areas, as well.
In addition to such global findings, the study provides new insights into the detailed inner workings of the brain at the molecular level -- the level at which diseases unfold and therapeutic drugs take action.
- 84% of all genes are expressed, or turned on, somewhere in the human brain.
- Many previously uncharacterized genes are turned on in specific brain regions and localize with known functional groups of genes, suggesting they play roles in particular brain functions.
- Synapse-associated genes -- those related to cell-to-cell communication machinery in the brain -- are deployed in complex combinations throughout the brain, revealing a great diversity of synapse types and remarkable regional variation that likely underlies functional distinctions between brain regions.
"The tremendous variety of synapses we see in the human brain is quite striking," said Seth Grant, FRSE, Professor of Molecular Neuroscience at the University of Edinburgh and collaborating author on the study. "Mutations in synaptic genes are associated with numerous brain-related disorders, and thus understanding synapse diversity and organization in the brain is a key step toward understanding these diseases and developing specific and effective therapeutics to treat them."
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Allen Institute for Brain Science.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
- Michael J. Hawrylycz, Ed S. Lein, Angela L. Guillozet-Bongaarts, Elaine H. Shen, Lydia Ng, Jeremy A. Miller, Louie N. van de Lagemaat, Kimberly A. Smith, Amanda Ebbert, Zackery L. Riley, Chris Abajian, Christian F. Beckmann, Amy Bernard, Darren Bertagnolli, Andrew F. Boe, Preston M. Cartagena, M. Mallar Chakravarty, Mike Chapin, Jimmy Chong, Rachel A. Dalley, Barry David Daly, Chinh Dang, Suvro Datta, Nick Dee, Tim A. Dolbeare, Vance Faber, David Feng, David R. Fowler, Jeff Goldy, Benjamin W. Gregor, Zeb Haradon, David R. Haynor, John G. Hohmann, Steve Horvath, Robert E. Howard, Andreas Jeromin, Jayson M. Jochim, Marty Kinnunen, Christopher Lau, Evan T. Lazarz, Changkyu Lee, Tracy A. Lemon, Ling Li, Yang Li, John A. Morris, Caroline C. Overly, Patrick D. Parker, Sheana E. Parry, Melissa Reding, Joshua J. Royall, Jay Schulkin, Pedro Adolfo Sequeira, Clifford R. Slaughterbeck, Simon C. Smith, Andy J. Sodt, Susan M. Sunkin, Beryl E. Swanson, Marquis P. Vawter, Derric Williams, Paul Wohnoutka, H. Ronald Zielke, Daniel H. Geschwind, Patrick R. Hof, Stephen M. Smith, Christof Koch, Seth G. N. Grant, Allan R. Jones. An anatomically comprehensive atlas of the adult human brain transcriptome. Nature, 2012; 489 (7416): 391 DOI: 10.1038/nature11405
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_health/~3/K9srO9CJZWo/120919135318.htm
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Business class travel likely to dip further in 2012: IATA | Firstpost
New Delhi: Decline in business confidence and slowdown of world trade is likely to affect premium class air travel in the coming months, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) has said.
?After signs of faster growth in the first half of this year, the expansion in premium travel has now clearly flattened out,? IATA?s assessment of premium and economy travel in July has found.
Growth in world trade has also slowed, with declines in both European imports and exports standing out in second quarter. Business confidence has reversed the upward movement seen earlier in the year, declining for the past four months, the world airline body said.
Representational image. AP
The number of passengers buying business class or first class seats on international markets has shrunk by 0.5 percent in July compared to the same month last year, after registering an increase by 4.3 percent in June.
But the economy class fliers increased by three percent in July compared to a year ago, but it was down from 6.2 percent as compared to the growth in June.
?These growth rates, however, were likely affected by the start of Ramadan in late July, which commenced a month earlier than in 2011. We expect air travel growth would have been about a percentage point higher in July without the impact of the holiday,? IATA said.
The primary source of slowing growth trend was weakness in European markets. The trend seen over the last several months continued in July, with premium travel within Europe and across the North Atlantic showing persisting weakness, contracting 3.5 percent and 2.4 percent compared to a year ago, respectively.
Air travel markets elsewhere expanded overall, but there was slower growth on some routes in July compared to June.
The weight of the economic problems in Europe has started to dampen demand in other regions, with US and Chinese consumer confidence weakening in recent months.
Premium travel across the North and Mid Pacific, which had been averaging near double-digit growth throughout first half of 2012, increased just 2.9 percent in July.
?There is also a possibility, given early signs of softness in July on some routes, that the weakness in Europe could spread to other markets,? IATA said.
The slowdown in premium travel growth was largely the result of weakening demand on routes linked to Europe.
Economic conditions in the continent were not lending support to travel markets, with both business and consumer confidence continue to decline, IATA result said.
PTI
Source: http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/business-class-travel-likely-to-dip-further-in-2012-iata-459584.html
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AmEx Nabs Former Boku CTO And Amazon VP To Head Consumer Software Group
American Express has hired an experienced payments exec and technologist to help lead and scale product management for consumer products. Erich Ringewald, the former CTO of mobile payments platform BOKU, is joining AmEx as vice president of Software Product Management for the U.S. Consumer Services business. Ringewald was one of Boku?s founders and helped build the company from a start-up into a global payments platform operating in 66 countries with 245 wireless carriers. Prior to joining Boku, Ringewald was a General Manager and Vice President of Amazon.com, where he led the development of AmazonMP3, and also oversaw Amazon?s 3rd party seller platform, Amazon.com Auctions, Amazon.com zshops and Amazon.com?s global payments platform.Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/N-J3nveXBEQ/
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New gene could lead to better bug-resistant plants
ScienceDaily (Sep. 17, 2012) ? The discovery of a new gene could lead to better bug-resistant plants.
Research led by Michigan State University and appearing on the cover of this week's Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, demonstrates that domestic tomatoes could re-learn a thing or two from their wild cousins.
Long-term cultivation has led to tomato crops losing beneficial traits common to wild tomatoes. Anthony Schilmiller, MSU research assistant professor of biochemistry and molecular biology, was able to identify a gene that is involved in one of these beneficial traits.
Many tomato secrets are found in its hair. Trichomes, or hair-like protrusions, produce a mixture of specialized chemicals that shape the interactions between the plant and its environment. The location of the chemicals allows some of them to act as the first line of defense against pests.
One class of compounds, acyl sugars, is a frontline defender. Trichomes secrete acyl sugars to fend off pests. Schilmiller teamed with Robert Last, MSU professor of biochemistry and molecular biology, and Amanda Charbonneau, MSU doctoral researcher, to try to understand how these chemicals are made. Little was known about how acyl sugars were produced until now, and this research identifies and describes the first gene that participates in the production of the protective sugars in cultivated tomatoes, Schilmiller said.
"Acyl sugars play a critical role in allowing wild tomatoes to fend off bugs," he said. "Because cultivated tomatoes were not bred for their acyl sugar amounts and quality, they have reduced levels compared to wild ones we do not eat. Understanding how they are made is the first step toward breeding cultivated tomatoes, and other plants in this family, to make them more resistant to herbivores."
Other Solanaceous crops that could benefit from this research include potatoes, peppers, eggplants and petunias.
In addition, this work shows that the newly discovered gene is active only in one specific cell of one trichome type.
"Not only will we be able to potentially engineer heartier tomatoes, but understanding how to specifically target trichome gene expression without affecting the fruit, we'll also be able to add other important chemicals for insect resistance and possibly other beneficial traits to the surface of the plants," Schilmiller said.
The research was funded by the National Science Foundation.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Michigan State University.
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Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/8JPFopyHoNM/120917161422.htm
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Tuesday, September 18, 2012
How Did 'Glee' Star Harry Shum Jr. Spend His Summer? Skydiving!
'Right before I jumped out of a plane, I knew what Superman felt like,' he tells MTV News about his adventurous Instagram pic.
By Cory Midgarden
Harry Shum Jr.'s skydiving Instagram photo
Photo: Harry Shum Jr. via Instagram
Source: http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1693938/glee-harry-shum-jr-skydiving-instagram.jhtml
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Fire Up My Thyroid and What You Should Know ... - Critical Care 2011
As a woman who still feels exhausted after getting twelve hours of sleep, you may get lots of benefit from the four step Thyroid Healing Program. Do you eat a balanced diet and exercise on a regular basis but still find that you aren?t able to lose fat? Do you experience anxiety attacks, foggy brain or having a tough time helping yourself out of your depression? Is your sexual desire non existent and are you often feeling cold? Do you try to tell other people what you?re feeling but get met with blank stares, and do you feel like all of the things you?ve tried for helping yourself have all been unsuccessful? If this is you, then chances are you have a thyroid problem and need some answers from someone who has been through exactly what you are experiencing.
Fire Up My Thyroid is a 4-step program that shows many people ways to heal themselves of Hypothyroidism or Hashimoto?s Disease. This program has received really good feedback and is taught by a certified nutrition coach, an integrated MD and a renowned Naturopath. When you think you should be doing more than just taking drugs and your primary care doctor doesn?t want to try anything else, this is a book that might be immensely helpful to you. You?ve without doubt been told that you need a vacation or to get more sleep and there is no doubt you have been told that your best option is anti-depressants. You know there is a better way, but you have no idea what it is.
Are you completely over the having to go to the doctor who just tells you what you feel and then says that your symptoms are caused by anything except a thyroid problem? Modern-day medicine doesn?t accept that nutrition is a component in this disease so you can?t go to your doctor for this. The absolute most undiagnosed problem in women are thyroid issues. Sad to say, as you don?t have stable sugar levels, you?re not going to feel that your adrenal glands are completely tired. Even if you have read up on the subject, there are numerous books and web sites online and the information is contradictory and confusing. It?s unlikely that you could tell that the problems you are suffering from on an emotional level are because of problems with your thyroid?s health.
Fire Up My Thyroid shows you how to help your thyroid get back its normality in merely four simple steps (which took five years to master). The first step is master, where you are going to learn about the thyroid, and this is information your doctor doesn?t always have time to tell you. The second step you have to take is Nourish, which teaches you the foods that work best when you wish to ?fire up? your thyroid. The third thing you must do is Detox, this is when you flush all of the anti-thyroid poisons from your body. Finally, you use ?Boost It Up? to learn about the best herbs, supplements and emotions to utilize.
Even though the Fire Up My Thyroid program isn?t low-cost (it?s $148), it includes a sixty day full money back guarantee. When was the last time your physician charged you lower than that, and gave you a reimbursement when the recommendations you were given didn?t work. You need to definitely give it a try because it might just be exactly what you?ve been missing.It was our primary goal to give you a short introduction to Obat Tradisional Kanker, and allow you to see directly what can be accomplished. As usual, you can multiply your efforts when your knowledge is more complete and deeper. What we will do is go into much deeper are more subtle points that will give you a greater understanding and more benefit. One thing to bear in mind is you have to view it against your unique needs, and that is why we offer it.
Related Links
- Thomas Linacre
- Nathan Matwick
- Gerhard Armauer Hansen
- Ernst Gr?fenberg
- Guy de Chauliac
Source: http://www.criticalcare2011.org/fire-up-my-thyroid-and-what-you-should-know-about-it-2
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